Vol. 11, No. 08 [August 2025]

Agriculture remains a crucial sector in Bihar, with smallholder farmers forming the backbone of rural livelihoods. However, challenges such as limited access to quality farm inputs, inadequate market linkages, and insufficient advisory services hinder agricultural productivity. Agro-franchising, an emerging business model, offers a promising solution by integrating farmers with a structured supply chain and knowledge-sharing network. This study examines the DeHaat model in Bihar, a pioneering agro-franchising initiative that facilitates access to farm inputs, expert advisory, and market linkages. The paper evaluates its impact on farmers, the operational structure of DeHaat, and the challenges and opportunities associated with agro-franchising in Bihar.
Keywords: Agro-franchising, DeHaat, farm input supply, market linkages, Bihar, smallholder farmers.

All over the world ground water is used for drinking, domestic (cooking, bathing) and agricultural purposes. In the last few decades in several countries, it has been found that ground water is contaminated with geogenic arsenic (As). Arsenic contamination is mostly reported in south-east Asian countries namely India (mainly West Bengal) and Bangladesh. It has been found that arsenic contamination is mostly occurred in rural part of Bengal Delta Plan (BDP) where summer irrigation has been regularly used for Boro-cultivation. Arsenic mobilisation from ground to surface water happens due to the pumping of ground water. The present study highlights the role of pumping on Arsenic mobilization. Three different villages [Site 1 (Sashipur), Site 2 (Mathurgachi) and site 3 (Banamalipara)] have been selected where pumping is going on by irrigation well and a few drinking wells are surrounded with pumping well. The study indicates that two different situations have been observed in between three different study areas, the situation 1: site 2 and site 3 where As concentration in ground water in large remain unchanged during pumping period (starting and ending). However, in ground water quality parameters such as bicarbonate, conductivity, pH, hardness and iron has been changed along with increase in as concentration. These further suggest that there will be intense sediment water interaction in the site1 that ultimately reflected in change of the ground water quality. Apart from this it has been found that a pond is also located very near about ~5-10m to the irrigation well site1. There is good possibility that the pond can supply fresh organic matter to the aquifer due to pumping and thereby increasing sediment water interaction which ultimately increases As concentration in ground water.
Keywords: Pumping effect, Sampling, Measurement and Arsenics mobilization, Study of different parameter, and Comparative study in selected area.

Production of shrimp farming in ponds within an area fluctuates greatly, with some farmers even closing their businesses due to failure. The sustainability of shrimp farming is influenced by the suitability of the land and its carrying capacity. This study aimed to evaluate a cluster model based on environmental carrying capacity and land suitability, despite limited water supply, in the coastal aquaculture area of Banten Bay. The research was conducted from November 2024 to January 2025. The research method involved observing and measuring the water, soil and biogeophysical parameters of the area. Measurements were carried out in the field and in the laboratory at the Polytechnic of the Fisheries Business Expert. Tidal parameters play an important role in providing water for shrimp farming. Perspective random sampling was conducted at nine points, covering a pond area of 5,028.3 hectares.Data analysis using formulas, tabulations and GPS devices. Processing data using Excel and SPSS. The results showed that nine locations were suitable for farming vaname shrimp, with Wanayasa achieving the highest score and Sawah Luhur the lowest. Carrying capacity is measured by the availability of water to receive and process waste from shrimp farming. The volume of water in each cluster is between 17,500 and 35,000 m³, which can support 228.2 ha of sustainable, intensive shrimp farming, accounting for 0.0453% of the total pond area, with the capacity to produce 3,002.8 tonnes per cycle. If managed using semi-intensive technology, the land area would be 428.97 ha, whereas using traditional technology it would be 5,004.66 ha. Mangroves play an important role in reducing waste, but currently there are only 38.97 hectares. Therefore, it is necessary to plant more mangroves to reach a total of 93.39 hectares.
Keywords: water quality, area, sustainability, waste, production

In this paper we make a study of semitopological lattices a notion weaker than well known one of topological lattices. A topological lattice is always a semitopological lattices but the converse is not true as shown by an example. We drive here conditions that imply a semitopological lattices is a topological lattice.
Keywords: Topological Lattices, Semitopological Lattice, Homeomorphisms, Homogeneous Lattice.

ZigBee-based WSNs are widely used in applications requiring low power, low data rate communication, such as smart homes, industrial automation, and environmental monitoring. The performance of these networks is heavily influenced by their topology, with star, mesh, and tree being the most common configurations. This paper aims to provide a comparison of these three ZigBee-based WSN topologies, focusing on key performance metrics such as throughput, data traffic sent, data traffic received and delay. Through detailed simulations and empirical evaluations, we analyze how each topology performs under varying network conditions and scales. Our findings reveal that mesh topologies excel in terms of throughput and reliability due to their multiple routing paths, making them suitable for large and dynamic networks; meanwhile, tree topologies are efficient in data aggregation but have higher delays as the network size increases, and finally, star topologies are energy-efficient but limited in scalability and data traffic handling due to their reliance on a single central node. The study also reveals that the choice of topology significantly impacts data traffic patterns, with mesh networks handling higher volumes of sent and received data more effectively. A second simulation was conducted by reassigning sixteen out of the twenty sensors from fixed to mobile mode, and then a number of WSN topologies were investigated based on key performance metrics of the WSNs. These insights provide a foundation for selecting the appropriate ZigBee-based WSN topology based on specific application requirements and performance considerations.
Keywords: WSN, ZigBee, RIVERBED, OPNET, mobile sensors.

The concept of Organic food is not new, it has been in the existence for a very long time, even for that matter many researchers have rightly claimed that the organic food has been the integral part of our life. In the last eight to ten years the importance of organic food and its utility is gaining the momentum, as awareness towards organic food has increased immensely especially in tier-01 city, and slowly in tier -02 cities. The notion behind this study to identify various factors that serves as a influencer for igniting purchase intention towards organic food (products). The focal point of the study is to evaluate nexus between purchase intention and purchase attributes such as Availability, Price Premium, Trust Factors, Relative Utility Factor & Social media influence. A close ended questionnaire was created and subsequently distributed among consumers among 320, out of which 284 responses were positively collected. The data were tested with the help of Exploratory factor analysis using SPSS 25. The result reveal that all the considered attributes such as Availability, Price Premium, Trust Factors, Relative Utility Factor & Social media influence had a significant impacts in igniting purchase intention for organic food.
Keywords: Purchase Intention, Availability, Price Premium, Trust Factors, Relative Utility Factor & Social media influence.

This study investigates the transient performance of sensorless control strategies for Interior Permanent magnet Synchronous Motors (IPMSMs), focusing on back-electromotive force (back-EMF) estimation techniques with Phase Locked Loop (PLL) type estimator. The stability of gain selection for each controller comprising the sensorless control algorithm was analyzed, with particular focus on ensuring reliable operation during both acceleration and deceleration phases of motor speed variation. The proposed controller design methodology was validated through simulation, confirming the effectiveness of gain tuning and the robustness of the sensorless control system under transient conditions.
Keywords: IPMSM, PLL type estimator, transient state stability

This study investigates a study of the estimator performance of a position sensorless control based on backelectromotive force (back-EMF) estimation in an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor (IPMSM). The characteristic of the estimated back-EMF signals is analyzed using various mathematical models of the IPMSM. Sensorless control based on the extended electromotive force (EMF) model in the rotor reference frame incorporates a back-EMF estimator, such as a disturbance observer, and a rotor position estimator, which may be implemented using either a phaselocked loop (PLL) or a Luenberger observer (LO). To compare the transient performance of rotor position estimators, the design and gain selection methods of estimators are introduced. And, the effect of current sensor error has been figured out that the estimated speed error and position error are directly affected. The feasibility of the introduced estimator and current error effect are verified through simulation results.
Keywords: IPMSM, sensorless control, speed and position estimator

In this paper, a systematic method to improve losses and efficiency is proposed through loss and efficiency analysis of an interleaved switching rectifier circuit, which is one of the switching rectifier circuits with AC input. First, the current values of key components operating in steady state were classified into three proportional constants by weighting according to the load current, based on the basic circuit of the interleaved switching rectifier. Using these results, internal power losses related to load current can be analyzed. To verify the validity of the loss analysis, an experimental circuit for approximately 400W class interleaved switching rectifier was constructed and its results were compared with the theoretical calculations. The comparison showed that, across the entire load range, the theoretical and experimental values exhibited similar trends, indicating that the proposed approach can be effectively utilized in the actual design process.
Keywords: interleaved PFC, rectifier, efficiency analysis, power loss optimization

In this paper, a GaN switch is applied to a 2kW class large capacity bridgeless power factor correction (PFC) circuit to report the comparative test results according to switching frequency variation from 50kHz to 100kHz. Especially the efficiency was 98.36% at a switching frequency of 60kHz and 98.2% at 100kHz while the efficiency was reduced to 98.29% at 50kHz. This was estimated because the core loss of the inductor and the switching loss of the GaN were proportional to the switching frequency. When the frequency was below a certain value, a decrease in efficiency was observed due to an increase in current ripple and power loss by the insufficient inductance in the test circuit. Therefore, in the bridgeless PFC with GaN FET, once the switching frequency and the optimum inductance value were determined, the power conversion efficiency was not improved even when the switching frequency was increased.
Keywords: bridgeless PFC, rectifier, efficiency analysis, GaN switch

The article covers how three-dimensional packing affects the shipping cost under dimensional weight pricing, and the algorithmic plus engineering solutions through which packing geometry is converted into a direct economic effect. Its objective is to make a 3D packing algorithm e-commerce ready, compare constructively with metaheuristic approaches, estimate ML and DRL roles in online formulations, justify integration of stability validators and compatibility rules, and sketch an end-to-end scheme for embedding into a WMS with early rating of candidates. The relevance is driven by rising parcel volumes and carrier practices that charge for the maximum of actual and dimensional weight, which turns every extra centimeter into an overpayment and raises the bar for millisecond decisions on the fulfillment line. The novelty lies in formulating the objective as a forecasted cost that accounts for carrier divisors and zonal rates, and in describing a hybrid cascade in which fast heuristics of the EB-AFIT class and their implementations in 3DContainerPacking and Sharp3DBinPacking provide a baseline plan, while ALNS and GA improvers, including a GAN+GA hybrid, as well as DRL policies and CP-SAT validators, bring the layout to a technologically feasible and economically best online solution. The traditional 3D case is NP-hard, hence the domination of very pointwise candidate constructive heuristics usable at predictable runtimes in operation improved by metaheuristics and learnable policies under tight time budgets, explicit stability and compatibility checking for physical feasibility changing the objective from proxy metrics-boxes or fill rate-to forecasted cost instead removes choice paradoxes and minimizes payments integration into a WMS with early rating, telemetry of actual dimensions and closed verification loop material consumption and trips which lowers carbon footprint while keeping throughput. The article will be helpful to WMS and fulfillment system architects, warehouse and transportation operations managers, combinatorial optimization researchers, e-commerce packing solution developers, and .NET stack integrators.
Keywords: three-dimensional packing, dimensional weight, online packing, EB-AFIT, 3DContainerPacking, Sharp3DBinPacking, ALNS, genetic algorithms

This paper answers with intelligent data-lineage agents based on artificial intelligence methods and graph databases, offering a way to transparency and accelerating ETL pipeline analysis. The volumes and heterogeneity of orchestration tools increase they are what make for so many invisible points of failure late duplicating computations lost time and money this study is important because it tries to show how best to bring together the latest AI agents with graph databases towards more complete timely lineage tracing thus reducing incident localization time while building a dependable foundation for analytics as well as machine learning. This approach enables every metric to be instantly traced to its source data and code versions. The innovation of the method described in this paper lies in hybrid algorithms: few-shot prompting with large language models to extract the semantics of SQL and Spark code, utilizing graph neural networks to infer hidden relationships in a property graph, and reinforcement-learning methods based on expert feedback for enhancing data quality. The agent architecture comprises an event-subscription module conforming to the OpenLineage specification, a component for linguistic analysis of code, a machine inference layer that validates relationships, and a Neo4j graph database driver that supports versioning. The main findings are that the combination of AI agents and graph databases allows multi-hop lineage queries to run in fractions of a second, rather than requiring many join operations; automatically captures and updates dependency versions, with no costly migrations; preserves and protects the business semantics of each node; and a user-feedback loop that eventually minimizes the need for manual corrections. This article will be of value to data specialists, analytical platform architects, and IT project managers interested in enhancing the transparency, reliability, and regulatory compliance of modern ETL pipelines.
Keywords: AI‑based lineage agents, graph database, lineage, ETL pipelines, OpenLineage, property graph, graph neural networks, reinforcement learning, data transparency, systems integration

Industrial attachment programs are increasingly recognized as a strategic approach to enhance lecturer competencies in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions, particularly in preparing for Industry 4.0. However, limited studies have explored their effectiveness among Malaysian polytechnic lecturers. Therefore, this quantitative study was conducted to examine the impact of industrial attachment programs on lecturer competency development across four domains, technical skills, theoretical knowledge, pedagogical integration and soft skills. Data were collected from 150 lecturers representing Electrical, Mechanical, Civil and IT disciplines using a validated 27item questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 26.0. The findings revealed very high improvement across all domains, with technical skills recording the highest mean score (M = 4.68, SD = 0.58), particularly in IoT operation (M = 4.75) and industry software proficiency (M = 4.72).This study confirms that industrial attachment programs effectively bridge the gap between academia and industry, ensuring lecturers are better equipped to deliver Industry 4.0relevant education. Recommendations include strengthening industryacademia collaboration, making attachments a regular requirementand supporting lecturers in integrating industry experiences into teaching.
Keywords: Industrial attachment, Polytechnic lecturers, Industry 4.0, Competency development, Professional development